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MONTEREY, MEXICO 


CHARLES K, LANDIS 


CLOYD & SMITH. 




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CSRSBSJUl 




THE JEW, 


A LEGEND OF MONTEREY, MEXICO. 


zr 




Chas. K/Xandis, 


vine;i<and, n. j. 

(Copyrighted September iith 1894.) 




^arabajal, 


Tl?e Jew. 

LEGEND OF MONTEREY, MEXICO. 


— — BY 

CHARLES K. LANDIS. 
(Copyrighted September i8th 1894.) 


Monterey is one of the lovliest. 
places in Mexico. It is upon a 
small plain, surrounded by the most 
picturesque of mountains. Its pla- 
zas, streets, and architecture remind 
one of some of the cities of southern 
Italy. As we walk through this| 
beautiful old city, and look out up- 
on its mountains, surrounding it up- 
on all sides, we cannot but feel an 
interest in the place. It existed, 
when Boston, New York and Phil- 
adelphia were not thought of, and 
when we think of how far away^ 
from civilization it was three hun- 
drt;d years ago, how completely^ 
isolated, we wonder who could havoi 
been the consummate and daring ge- 
nius who established it, and made 
it possible in that age. When we 
come to look back . through the 
vista of years, we discover one of 
the most interesting and darkest 
events of history, full of heroism, 
confidence, perfidy, and meaness of 
mankind. We will begin : 


Philip II, of Spain was in his 
small private cabinet in the palace 
of the Escurial It looked like the 
office of a man, partly business [like 
and partly literary in his pursuits, 
but not the office of a king. Philip 
did an immense amount of Cabinet 
work — too much of it for the good 
of his Kingdom. Had he been out 
in the world more, and sometimes 
at the head of his armies, like his 
energetic father Charles V, it might 
have been better for Spain. Nearby 
stood his minister . of Finance. 
Strange as it may appear, the sub- 
ject of dire perplexity, was the want 
of money. This Emperor of a 
large part of Europe and of the In- 
dies, in the latter part of his reign 
was one of the poorest men in his 
Kingdom, if poverty can be reckoned 
in proportion to his wants. 

At length he said, “I have it.” 

The minister looked surprised. 

“I have been greatly pained” said 
the king, “to have heard such direful 


2 


reports from the Province of Santa 
Lucia in Mexico, of the massacres 
by these savage tribes of Indians. 
There is a man whom I have in 
mind, capable of checking all this, 
and making that Province an ex- 
ample of prosperity He has enter- 
prise, skill and bravery, and large 
creative talent, and a vast amount 
of wealth.’’ 

“Who may this be?” asked the 
minister. 

“Don Louis de Carabajal Y Cueva” 
answered the King. 

“He is a Jew,” said the minister. 

“All the better,” replied the King 
“for this reason, he will expect less 
and pay more. My scheme is, to 
offer him the Governorship of this 
new Kingdom of New Leon, and to 
request at the same time a loan of 
two millions. Tliis cures the evils 
of that distracted country and en- 
ables me to partly pay the army, 
and make the expedition to Africa.” 

“But Carabajal will also want 
soldiers,” said the minister. 

“Never mind,” replied the King, 
“Carabajal’s fertility of resource is 
such, that he will do all things, 
without costing me a cent. Besides 
this, Carabajal is a humanitarian, 
and I can trust him with my people.” 

The minister’s prejudices were in- 
tense, and narrow, but he knew that 
it was not best to argue with a king, 
and especially King Philip. 

Carabajal, true, he was a Jew, and 
true, as Philip said, he was a human- 
itarian. Christ, by nationality, was 
a Jew, and how much of an atheist 
any one may be, or how much of an 
unbeliever, all will admit, that he 
himself, was a humanitarian, though 
his pretended followers have deluged 
the world with blood. Carabajal 
was born in the village of Magodo- 
rio, in the Kingdom of Portugal, in 


the year 1539. He was the son of 
a Hebrew, who had acquired vast 
wealth, how, history does not inform 
us. It is rumored that his mother 
was from Greece or Asia. His 
father was a peculiar man, and had 
few or no personal intimates, conse- 
quently, at this distance of time, 
almost nothing is known of his his- 
tory. He educated his son by pri- 
vate tutors. The son was a good 
student, and a reader; this education 
in some degree accounts for his lack 
of the knowledge of human nature, 
at least the evil that is in it, and his 
unreserved confidence, the noblest 
and most unfortunate of qualities. 
His education and extensive reading 
and travel, improved, elevated, and 
liberalized his mind. In due time 
he married a woman of his own race 
with all the noble and womanly 
qualities, which belong so intrinsic- 
ally to the Jews; which have blessed 
that race, with the most faithful of 
mothers, the truest of conjugal love, 
and the happiest of homes. Let us 
look around the world, and where 
do we find a more domestic people 
than the Jews, and this blessing they 
owe most largely to that woman- 
hood, which their God has given 
them, to console them in their many 
afflictions. 

Combined with a love of Aft and 
of Music, so often characteristic of 
this people, Carabajal, without pos- 
sessing shrewdness or cunning, had 
all the business sagacity of his race. 
Whether he invested his money in 
Portugal, Spain or Turkey, vit ap- 
peared to double itself in a little 
time, in short, what he touched 
turned into gold. His genius, and 
taste in Art, and his public spirit 
induced him to find many of the 
lost treasures of past ages, in litera- 
ture, and art, with which he enriched 


3 


the universities and art galleries of 
Spain, in order that they might con- 
fer the greatest possible benefit, in 
the shortest possible time. He also 
established many institutions of 
Charity, such as hospitals, homes for 
foundlings, erring women, old peo- 
ple, and orphans. The benefit of 
these institutions was not selfishly 
confined to his own race, but was 
open to all mankind. This great 
mind, was like the sun of God, too 
elevated to be controlled by thti 
petty prejudices, and sectarianism of 
man, shedding its blessed rays upon 
all alike. Noticing the large num- 
ber of his countrymen, who were 
sorely oppressed, and poverty-strick- 
en in Portugal and Spain, besides 
other people, some years before, he 
purchased a lai’ge territory in the 
then Province of Penuca, near Tam- 
pico, Mexico, and established there, 
what the Spaniards call, a hacienda, 
practically a new colony. Here he 
decided to try a philanthropic ex- 
periment, not in the way of charity, 
but that of helping people to help 
themselves, and to encourage his 
own people, in a life of agriculture 
and stock-raising, knowing that the 
first esseii.tial to making them far- 
mers, was to make terms with them, 
by which they would come into the 
absolute, or what is known in En- 
glish law, the fee simple, of the land. 
There were no gold seeking induce- 
ments held out, consequently, the 
people who were attracted by this 
scheme, were an entirely different 
class from those who would have 
been attracted by the prospects of 
finding gold mines, and of subduing 
Indians, to work them as slaves. His 
ideas of a colony were not vague, 
but were reduced' to certain princi- 
ples, founded upon the great Laws 
governing human nature. Tlie first 


principle was industry, as he knew 
that this was not only essential, to 
worldly success or prosperity, but 
happiness. It was his custom to 
write his plans and ideas upon all 
subjects, in this way he found them 
more definitely formed or designed 
in his mind. In doing this he has 
left some thoughts which were truly 
philosophical and do him the highest 
honor. (See Appendix.) 

As said before, Carabajal bought 
a large track of land, and fully 
carried out these ideas. He also 
extended the hand of fellowship to 
the Indians, in the neighborhood, 
and found them not only coadjutors, 
but teachers in his work. They 
taught the Hebrew colonists, how to 
make their beautiful t-;otiery, and 
also hand-woven stuffs, not only 
how to make them, but instructed 
them in their decorative arts, which 
were far superior to anything they 
expected to find and well worthy of 
imitation. They also instructed 
them in growing many things well 
adapted to the climate, and new to 
Europeans. No slavery was allowed 
in the colony. The result was that 
the country w^as filled with industry 
and peace, and music was heard in 
every house. Under this benign 
influence, the colony increased and 
prospered, and ship loads of pro- 
duce were sent to Spain, to return 
w’ell-laden with more of the op- 
pressed Jews of Europe. With these 
ship loads of produce, lie always 
sent a watchful agent, to see that it 
brought full market prices, ano that 
his farmers were consequently not 
cheated out of their wealth. It 
would be an enchanting sight could 
we only go to the Plaza, in the center 
of the great Hacienda, some moon- 
light evening, to see the happy youth 
of the place enjoying the dance, to 


the sound of music and song, the old 
folks quietly looking on. The fame 
of this successful and prosperous 
colony soon spread over Spain and 
Potugal. Heretofore all colonies 
had b^een established upon the basis 
of slave-labor and gold-seeking. 
This made its success a greater sur- 
prise to the sordid materialist ano 
due credit was given Carabajal, for 
a great deal of shrewdness, cunning 
and energy. The debased souls of 
these men never for once conceived 
that the elements of success had been 
wisdom, honesty and humanity. 

When Carabajal was approached 
by the minister of Philip, on the 
subject of the loan, he was at the 
time in Madrid. He had visited 
Spain, to look after the interests of 
his colonists. The proposal was 
coupled with the offer of the Gover- 
norship of the northern part of Mex- 
ico, as in part a security for the 
loan, but to f?ontinue to himself, and 
his heirs, independently of the vice- 
roy of Mexico. He was to be al- 
lowed to repay himself, if he chose, 
out of the revenues, which would be 
coming to the crown, but indepen- 
dently of this, the King of Spain 
promised to pay him. Carabajal 
was dazzled, not by the vanity of 
holding such a position, but by the 
prospects of the infinite amount of 
good he might be enabled to do. The 
territory was to be called the King- 
dom of New Leon, and embraced a 
tract of 200 leagues square, includ- 
ing his beloved colony of Penuco, 
and also Tampico. It included the 
states of Tamaulepas, Nuevo Leon, 
Coshuila, Parts of San Luis, Tacatc- 
cas Durango, Chihuahua and Texas. 
Establishing this territory. into a new 
kingdom was a reasonable assurance 
that all was meant in good faith, but 
alas, Carabajal should have consid 


ered that there could be no assur- 
ance against the state, that the in- 
stant State Policy should change, 
that the moment he became Gover- 
nor under Philip, he lost his liberty, 
and the utter variance, religiously 
and morally, between himself and 
the powers and the people of Spain. 
But instead of this, it appeared to 
him, that he would have more power 
and upon a larger theatre, where he 
could benefit humanity, in the lar- 
gest possible degree, not only the 
people he would take to the new 
world, but the native inhabitants, 
the same as he had done at Penuco. 
^i^ontemayer, his private Secretary, 
was also carried away and dazzled 
by the brilliant baits held out by 
Philip. This Secretary, Carabajal 
loved as a dear son. His parents 
had died early, and he had taken 
the orphan boy, and educated him, 
as his own, and finally made him 
his private Secretary. 

It was not long before the nego- 
tiations were closed. Philip ob- 
tained his money, and Carabajal re- 
ceived his “Royal Patent'^ as Gover- 
nor of the new Kingdom of . Leon, 
which as said before was to be 
hereditary in his own family. 

I may here state, that a few years 
before this, an attempt had been 
made by some Spaniards, and Tlax- 
calan Indians, to found a settlement 
upon the stream of Santa Lucia in 
Monterey, which settlement they 
called Santa Lucia, but the Indians 
of the North came down in foi ce 
and almost exterminated them, and 
drove them away. 

The rumor of this new grant and 
enterprise was soon spread over 
Spain and Portugal, and much of 
Europe, and an army of adventurers 
offered themselves, all anxious to 
enslave Indians, and have them dig 


5 


gold and silver for them, whilst 
they should hunt among the moun- 
tains, or live in their palaces with 
numerous concubines, of Indian 
women. Carabajal did his best to 
select the best material that pre- 
sented itself, or that he could find, 
but this was necessarily influenced, 
by liis position. Mow, being a Roy- 
al Governor, he could not conven- 
tionally, and witli decency, refuse 
some of the poor nobility of Spain, 
nor the sons of some of the wealthy 
nobility. Under the orders and in- 
structions, of the Government he 
could not refuse, also a large con- 
tingent of Holy Friars, whose osten- 
sible duty was to convert the In- 
dians, and also to assist Carabajal 
in many ways, especially in conduct- 
ing schools, and providing religious 
consolation and instruction to the 
colonists. In due time a fleet was 
procured, and Carabajal set sail with 
a large force of men, colonists, arms 
and supplies, foi- Tampico. Thence 
he proposed to march to Fenuco, 
where ho would gathei’ up many 
more colonists, and thence march to 
Santa Lucia, or what is now known 
as Monterey, and make it the capi- 
tal of his Kingdom. He also took 
with him his family, and many more 
Jewish emigrants, who he felt could 
assist his work, by their intelligence 
and fidelity. The voyage was pros- 
perous, only favoring winds filled 
their sails. In the progress of it they 
mot a number of whales and schools 
of porpoises. These things they eon 
sidered good omens. I do not give 
tlie patient reader an account of the 
vessels, and their numbers, and 
names of tlie diffei’ent cavaliers, as 
these particulars have not come 
down to us. Idiis voyage is sup- 
posed to have occurred in 1579 in 
the fall of the year. A safe landing 


was made in the beautiful harbor of 
Tampico, after which the march be- 
gun, by way of Fenuco. It was 
made l)y easy stages, and no diffi- 
culties wei-e encountered, because 
every arrangement had been made 
for it 1)} the foicsight of Carabajal. 
The whole i)ody was under strict 
martial law, and the position of 
eveiy camp in the night was well 
chosen and guarded. On this march 
the Spanisli cavaliers liad much 
cause for surprise at the militaiy 
knowledge shown by Carabajal; they 
naturally supposed that he must 
have been an experienced soldier, 
which ho was not, and it raised liiin 
more in their estimation, than ail the 
vii'tues he possessed. When they 
got to Fenuco, they were all chaimcd 
witli its loveliness, its jirospeiity, its 
sweet pi'etty homes embowered in 
trees and vines. The smiles on the 
faces of the people, especially the 
women and children, and all over, 
that if Carabajal could bring all this 
about by his own unaided cffoi ts, 
what might he not do when backed 
by the authority of the Government. 
They tarried here a few days, for 
rest and refreshments,, and then 
pushed along upon their march un- 
til, upon a beautiful fall da; . they 
reached the Spring of Santa Imtcia. 
They bathed and refreshed them- 
selves in its sweet translucent water’s. 
Ruin spread ar-ound. The buildings 
of former occupants bore evidence 
of fir’c and conflict, destroyed by tlie 
savage Apache and Yako Indians, 
who had boon in the habit of \ our- 
ing down, from the far North, like a 
storm. Tf ere was now plenty of 
wor-k to do, and the sympathy aris- 
ing from a common danger, produced 
peace and harmony among Indians 
and Spaniai’ds. What a iilessed 
thing is labor’. It is a balsam to 


6 


thought, and to the body, the pro- 
moter of appetite, sleep and health 
and of peace. There was a whole- 
some sprinkling of the inhabitants 
of Penuco amongst them. 

Carabajal laid the grounds out 
with a reference to beauty, con- 
venience and health. He adopted 
Jewish sanitary regulations, and a 
special Board for carrying them out. 
No cess pools were allowed to be 
dug in the soil. The closet box, 
shovel, and dry earth were used, 
which at certain periods were emp- 
tied and used as manure, or carried 
away. The streets were made wide, 
and the colonists were required to 
plant trees for shade and health, the 
same as at Penuco, and the houses 
required to be placed a certain dis- 
tance back from the roadside. In 
those days there was an abundance 
of timber for building. The country 
was covered with wood, far up 
toward the tops of the mountains, 
and consequently there was an abun- 
dant and refreshing rainfall. Mar- 
tial law was strictly observed, until 
buildings were erected for homes, 
and works of defence were made. 
The Spaniard of the upper class, or 
cavaliers, spent their time hunting in 
the mountains, and supplied the 
camp with bears, deers, wild turkeys 
and other game; consequently they 
were fully as useful at that time as 
any other of the people. Soon as 
possible, the Holy Fathers started a 
church, a Monastery, and a Convent. 
Carabajal did not approve of the two 
latter, but representing a Roman 
Catholic Government, he could 
make no hindrance. He supple- 
mented them by building a small 
Synagogue for his own people. He 
did not encourage the locating of 
many farms at first, as he knew there 
would have to be a battle with the 


Northern savages before long; con 
sequently the colony was governed 
by martial law, for a time, and^ all 
the men were drilled and practiced 
daily in the use of arms. Arque- 
busses and light cannon were brought 
from Spain, which, though small, 
would make a great noise upon their 
discharge, that would reverberate, 
and thunder with many echoes, 
among the surrounding hills. 

He appointed a council of five, 
who under his patent had no real 
authority, but for purposes of con- 
sultation and advice. He at once 
organized the following societies: 
Agricultural, Horticultural, Arbor, 
Literary with Library, Musical and 
Scientific. He wrote treatises up- 
on the duties and objects of these 
different societies, and papers upon 
various subjects, appertaining to 
these objects, in reference to the 
country they were in, and its sur- 
roundings. There was also deep 
policy about this move. It distri- 
buted a great many offices, satisfied 
the ‘ amour propre^’ of a great many 
people, and at their leisure moments 
gave them something to do. He had 
always been a student of history 
and of military books. It was his 
habit to read Caesar’s Comentaries 
once a year, but when he got to this 
new world, he saw that he would 
have to adopt an entirely new sys- 
tem of war, from that of Europe. 
This was his system : First, To al- 
ways fight under protection, behind 
trees, rocks or earth works, never in 
the open. Second, to have a coi-ps 
of cavalry whose instr-uctions were 
never to fight except at an advan- 
tage. The rule of its discipline was 
not to fight, but to hang in the rear 
and flanks of an enemy, breaking up 
its communications, and killing all 
straggler’s and foi’ager’s. When at- 


7 


tacked, to fly and decoy the enemy 
into ambushes, or to return imme- 
diately to the same tactics when the 
pursuit was over. In this way the 
murdering and burning, resulting 
from Indian raids were stopped, as 
they would naturally be kept toget- 
her, and also made timid by being 
mystified, as to the number they had 
to oppose. The fame of this settle- 
ment brought many friendly In- 
dians to it, but nevertheless a doubt 
hovered over it, on account of the 
anticipated attack of the terrible 
Yakos, and until it was found as to 
how they would be resisted. How- 
ever, in the presence of danger and 
with plenty to do, there was univer- 
sal harmony, and obedience to the 
Governor. He had sent about a dozen 
friendly Indians to the far North, as 
spies with instructions, for some 
always to remain there, and use the 
others as couriers, to give him infor- 
mation, and always, for safety, to 
send at least three couriers by dif- 
ferent trails, in case some of them 
should be killed upon the way. One 
particularly beautiful day, when 
everything appeared as calm and 
quiet as Heaven itself, one ol these 
couriers was seen coming in all 
haste, over a hill by trail, from the 
North. When Carabajal’s attention 
was called to him, he went out to 
meet him, but before he could give 
any information, and before he 
reached him, he fell down dead with 
fatigue. Carabajal knew what, it 
meant. A signal gun was fired, 
which signified that all should re- 
turn from the hunt, and an irnmdiate 
muster. Within an hour or two 
another courier appeared, and he 
gave information that a Yako army 
of a thousand mounted warriors, 
were on their way to attack them. 

The Yakos and Apaches were 


Indians that had never been con- 
quered. Large and strong of build, 
fierce of disposition, they inhabited 
mountain fastnesses in the far North 
where it was impossible to pursue 
them. They were a different race 
Irom the Aztecs, the Pueblos and the 
peaceable, civilized and industrious 
Indians of Mexico, who lived by 
agricultural pursuits. Their plan 
was to attack by superior numbers, 
and by sudden surprise. They spared 
neither the old, the women nor 
children, they made a barrier against 
the settlement of the north of Mexi- 
co, and the working of its fertile val- 
leys and rich silver mines. The tac- 
tics of the Spaniards had been 
heretofore unable to cope with them. 
They now had a different man to 
meet. Carabajal had made several ^ 
expeditions to the North, with the [ 
sole object of studying the topog- 
raphy of the country and a view to 
military encampments and positions. 

By the next morning his little army 
was on its march. Heretofore it had 
been customary to await the attack 
of the savages, and it was with 
much doubt and fear that the friend- 
ly Indians remaining in the - camp 
saw them file away over the moun- 
tains, the sun brightly glancing upon 
spear and helmet. But Carabajal 
and his little band had full confi- 
dence. They believed in the sys- 
tem of their fighting and strategy as 
much as the soldiers under Hannibal 
believed in theirs when they went to 
meet the heretofore uncon qerablc 
Romans in their own country. After 
a two days’ march a halt was made 
upon the trail behind a collection of 
high rocks, in different masses, and 
which lined the trail on both sides. 
The cavalry, which was instructed 
not to fight, was sent forward to con- 
tinue the march north. They had 


8 


not gone far before they saw the 
van of these redoubtable warriors, 
splendidly mounted. The Yakos 
were much astonished to meet with 
an armed force so far away from 
Santa Lucia, and halted to await, 
prepared to throw out wings to sur- 
round the foe during his attack, 
which was their usual strategy. 
What was their surprise when they 
found that the foe did not attack. 
They sent out a few horsemen, who 
reported that the Spaniards were 
behind a hill in inferior force, and 
that fully twenty of them fled, when 
the Yakos numbered only ten. This 
whetted the appetite of the Indians. 
They determined to make a feint of 
attack to see what the Spaniards 
would do. What was their surprise 
when they saw the Spaniards flee. 
These brave soldiers, whose pride it 
had heretofore been to stand and 
fight and die! They made up their 
minds they would be an easy prey; 
that all they had to do was to pur- 
sue and conquer. This they did pell 
mell. It appeared to be their only 
wish on earth to catch this little 
band of three hundred horsemen. 
But the three hundred were well 
mounted and could well lead the 
pursuit. The Yakos appeared to be 
gaining ground, and had bright 
hopes of reaching them, until all of a 
sudden every rock along the trail 
lb> a mile appeared to be a volcano 
of fire, death and thunder. Down 
the riders went. Suddenly the 
trail was closed, and over a mighty 
rock upon;it thundered artillery with 
cannon balls and grape shot. They 
turned to flee, but the route from 
which they came was also closed. 
Now there appeared to bo unseen 
death upon every side. Whilst they 
were being killed with bullets, ar- 
rows and cannon balls, they could 


see no foe to fight, until as they at- 
tempted to flee, foes on foot and 
horse, appeared to be everywhere, 
whilst the terrible arquebusscs and 
artillery pursued them, with certain 
death. Their destruction was a 
a matter of but a few minutes, 
though it appeared to be hours; no 
mercy was shown them and none 
was asked, but none escaped ex- 
cept a very few, who hid themselves 
a^nong the rocks. Carabajal thought 
that true mercy would be in giv- 
ing them a bloody lesson, and 
he was right. When his little 
army marched back to Santa Lucia, 
they brought several hundred good 
horses, a quantity of good and 
beautiful serapis or blankets cap- 
tured from their foes, and other evi- 
dences of victory. As for baggage 
there was none to capture; these war- 
riors travelled and fought upon a 
package of Tortillas, a little lag of 
parched corn, and what meat or 
game they might pick up on their 
way. When they entered the little 
town everybody was wild with de- 
light at the idea that those heretofin o 
victorious warriors had been so 
completely defeated. The victory 
gave Carabajal unbounded influence 
among all his colonists, and enabled 
him to at once start upon his plans 
for carrying on his colony, but he 
knew that the storm would gather 
again. These Indians ^ would look 
upon their defeat as a pure accident 
of war, and would soon be coming 
down. with twice their previous force, 
and that before long, but he had 
confidence in the excellent spies, 
who almost the day after the 1 attle, 
were sent North. Of all that band 
of invaders, only two or three were 
left alive, and returned to their 
country, to carry the news. It 
spread terrible lamentations through- 


9 


out the Indian land, but of that kind 
that calls for revenge, instead of dis- 
pair. The war dances immediately 
commenced, and they sent couriers 
with arrows North, to the terrible 
Apaches to join them in the invasion. 

In the meantime Carabnjal had 
laid his city out, on a most beautiful 
plan, wide streets, wide enough for 
decoration and a double row of 
shade trees with spaces in the ' inter- 
sections, for fountains and statuary, 
where animals and men could water, 
and the latter also drink in beauty 
and instruction with their eyes. In 
all the deeds given he provided that 
these trees should not only be planted, 
but never removed, the same about 
the fountains and statues, also that 
all the houses should be set a cer- 
tain distance back from the road- 
side in order to afford room for 
flowers and shrubbery, and that con- 
venient seats should be placed along 
the streets and roads for the rest and 
comfort of pedestrians, and what 
was of as much importance, that the 
grade or levels should not be 
changed, thus affording no opportu- 
nity to future city councils to make 
jobs, by which the people might be 
conveniently robbed, and their shade 
trees destroyed, under the specious 
pretext of improving the grade of 
the streets as has been so often done 
in later times aud especially in our 
own United States. He also made 
allotments to the Indians, who 
wished to farm, and also contracted 
to give them deeds, by the payment 
of small sums when the land was 
paid for. This was a novelty, as 
most all lands had heretofore been 
only rented, but Garabajal knew 
that to give the Indians an absolute 
ownership in the land they cultiva- 
ted, thus securing their homes, was 
the one way to make them perma- 


nent and patriotic subjects. At the 
same time he allotted the mines, in 
the mountains near by, but under 
no consideration would he allow the 
Indians to be enslaved. They 
worked upon a sort of co-operative 
wage plan, which even to this day is 
in vogue in some parts of Mexico. 
At first the Spaniards were so much 
opposed to this that an open rebel- 
lion was threatened, but at a private 
meeting held for the purpose Carab- 
ajal explained that under tliis plan 
they would mine more silver and 
get more silver and have less risk 
and responsibility. Fortunately ho 
was supported in his argument by 
one of the good Catholic Fathers, 
and persuaded them to make the 
experiment, which, to their surprise, 
worked with the greatest degree of 
success, but none of them wanted to 
farm. A pastoral home, conjugal 
and paternal love, were nothing in 
their minds in comparison to the 
dross of hard silver and gold, which 
did them no good when they got it. 
Such is the madness of man. He 
also paid attention to manufactures. 
He decided to encourage those kinds 
that were native to Mexico, and they 
were numerous. He sent to Puebla 
and brought down the Navajoe In- 
dians to teach the manufacture of 
serapis (the blankets which are worn 
over the shoulders.) He sent to 
Guadalajara for potters a nd had 
taught the making of the beautiful 
Indian Pottery of that section, 
which for artistic beauty and variety 
is unexcelled of its kind, also the 
weaving of mats for tables and floors 
out of cotton in varied figures and 
colors. He had done all this before 
at Puneto. He knew how to dis- 
pose of these things in Spain, by 
sending them in his ships from Tam- 
pico, which would return with the 


10 


rich products of Spain, in payment 
for them, so that by this policy of 
reciprocity, both countries were 
benefited and tlie industry and 
wealth of the new colonies of Carab- 
ajal and which he planted in various 
parts of the large territories of the 
new Kingdom of Leon, as it was 
called, grew immensely. He knew 
also that the education the youth 
of both sexes acquire, has much to 
do with the happiness of people, of 
homes, of society and the power and 
prosperity of a nation. PJe therefore 
decided that all education, should in 
the first place be industrial. He 
recognized industry, having some- 
thing to do, as the most important 
factor in getting the most of happi- 
ness and of health out of life. His 
first consideration was by education 
also to improve the home life, and 
he encouraged all children as far as 
possible to become proficient in the 
business of their fathers, whether 
commercial, agricultural, artistic, or 
manufacturing, in order to bind 
more closely the home ties to keep 
families together, and prevent the 
disposition that otherwise children 
will have, to go away from home 
and leave their parents in their old 
age, when they most need their care 
and affection. Good agricultural 
schools were established, connected 
with farms, gardens, and orchards, 
to be worked by the pupils, boys 
and girls. All the aids of preserv- 
ing were taught in these places. 
Also industrial schools for teaching 
textile, mechanical and art work 
with hand laboi’, also the theo- 
retical, or scientific part, which was 
more thoroughly understood and 
never forgotten when the pupils 
learned to make practical applica- 
tion of the sciences. The time given 
to each w^as about equally divided. 


The boys were also taught manly 
exercises, riding horse-back, leaping 
on and off, the use of the arque- 
busses, and of artillery, both in slow 
and rapid movement, in running 
and leaping, all ending in a military 
dance, somewhat similar to the 
Greek Phyrric dance. Saturday 
and Sunday afternoons were especial- 
ly set apart for these exercises, and 
it was wonderful to behold the 
grace and proficiency with which 
the youth performed them. In ail 
of this music, especially the martial, 
was not neglected. All of these things 
appeared to be natural to the Span- 
ish and Indian characters, and are 
so to this day. Verily, it is a nation 
now capable of being among the 
greatest in the world. It must not 
be thought that all these things 
were plain sailing and done without 
opposition to Carabajal. The good 
fathers shook their heads, and said 
that in this education it w^as the 
world that was favored, whilst 
Heaven w^as forgotten, and to coun- 
teract these evil effects they had 
schools of their owm for those they 
termed “the better classes,’^ where 
nothing of the industrial w^as taught, 
but much of the old classical, the 
graduates of which seminaries were 
destined in time to show the effects 
of their schooling. Whatever envy 
or jealousy that might exist at that 
time did not dare show itself. Ca- 
rabajal was too powerful, and too 
necessary to them. It was w^eli 
known that he had loaned an enor- 
mous sum to the King, and that he 
had much more wealth in Spain. His 
patent of Governorship practically 
gave him absolute power, almost or 
quite that of a viceroy, and then 
his talent was known to be so great 
in the way of establishing colonies, 
and in war. that no one felt at that 


11 


tiaie that he could possibly be dis- 
pensed with — the work was new. The 
colon! zatian before had been a fail- 
ure, and everyone thought that it 
was Carabajars mission to make it a 
success. 

Within the next few months, after 
the last expedition to meet the In- 
dians, besides the work I'ccounted in 
the foregoing pages, there was also 
a marked increase of population. 
Many civilized Indians from West- 
ern and Southern Mexico had immi- 
grated to this wonderful colony, 
which was on the bounding road to 
rapid improvement, and where the 
Indian was considered the political 
equal of the white man, and where 
justice was meted out to all alike. 
Numerous vessel loads of immigrants 
had also arrived from Europe, both 
Jews and Christians, and even 
some of the persecuted Moors, who 
had been driven to Africa, now seek- 
ing this glorious Asylum of the 
West. 

When everything was peaceful, 
full of sunshine and prosperity, 
another courier arrived from the 
North with the terrible news that 
two armies of Indians were about 
advancing, one army of the Yakos, 
and another of the Apaches. Their 
plan was, for the convenience of 
forage, to march by different trails, 
one by the Western, the other by 
the Eastern, and to unite within four 
days march North of St. Lucia, in 
order to fall upon it in superior 
numbers. 

Carabajal had made a defencie, or 
citadel*, on the top of one of the 
mountains which surrounds Santa 
Lucia (Monterey) where thei’e was a 
large spring of good water, but 
which mountain it was we arc not 
certain about, but tradition has it 
that it w'as the Saddleback. These 


works were all well provisioned, and 
here he. marched the entire colony 
that did not go to the wmr. In this 
natural citadel they could not be 
surprised, and could defend them- 
selves against any force that could 
be brought against them. For the 
rest he decided to march immediate- 
ly and strike the enemy with his 
whole force, in detail, before they 
had time to join each other. Owing 
to the fact of not having met them 
before, he made up his mind to attack 
the Apaches first, thinking that per- 
haps he could play the same arts, 
upon them that he had played upon 
the Yakos. He marched out the 
next morning early, having sent his 
skirmishing or decoy cavalry in ad- 
vance. His artillery consisted of 
light falconets, that could be carried 
about anywhere, and w’ere in this 
w'ay very effective. It w'as a ques- 
tion whether he could strike the 
Apaches before they joined forces 
with the Yakos or not. They carried 
very little baggage or impediments, 
depending upon a good stock of 
Tortillas, the lightest and most 
nourishing food in the world for 
transportation. In a few days they 
reached the valley. Among the 
mountains, where the junction was 
to take place, and by the blessing of 
God, there was no Indian sign. 
This raised the hopes of the little 
army. In camping no fires were 
lighted, no noises were_ allowed. 
The next day Carabajal decided to 
select a place for the battle, and 
aw^ait the foe. This was no difficult 
matter, as the trail ran through a 
rocky, broken country, consisting 
largely of mountains and gorges. He 
selected a spot made, as it were, for 
concealment, and where also there 
W’as a sharp turn in the trail, alter 
running for some distance in a 


12 


straight line. It was at this turn, 
concealed by rock and brush, he 
planted his artillery. Whilst all 
along on each side for a considera- 
ble distance, his men were ranged 
and entirely concealed. He had 
not long to wait. They had not 
much more than made their disposi- 
tions, before the thundering tramp 
of many horses were heard in the 
distance, and soon appeared his own 
flying cavalry, apparently in full re- 
treat, but it really was the old ma- 
noevre. They were allowed to pass 
the angle of the trail, and almost at 
their heels, came the exultant Apa- 
ches, wild with the excitement 
of apparent victory. They were 
allowed to come along unmolested, 
until they were immediately opposite 
the angle, when artillery belched 
forth its fire, and the balls ploughed 
through the ranks of riders, whilst 
at the same time, from the side of 
the ti-ail, for nearly a mile poured 
the fire of the arquebusses or mus- 
kets. Down went the riders. On 
one side of the trail was a steep de- 
clivity of several hundred feet, and 
many horses with their riders, 
juni] cd down this place, in pure 
panic fright. Since the last battle 
the men of Carabajal had been ad- 
ditionally armed with Javelins and 
Spanish swords, and they found 
these weapons terribly effective. 
The long spears and battle axes of 
the Apaches availed them but little, 
against an unseen foe, whilst their 
ranks were being ploughed with ar- 
tillery and musketry. It was not 
long before these warriors wore 
killed or engulfed in the precipice 
below. The defeat was absolute 
A few in the rear turned their horses 
heads to the North and escaped, but 
very few. The officer commanding 
the flying cavalry, stated that a few 


hours before, he came upon their 
scouts and then their full force, when 
his whole body turned in apparent 
flight. When the Apaches saw the 
flags and banners of the Spaniards, 
and a large cavalrv force, turn and 
fly, they evidently imagined that it 
was the Spanish army that had 
turned in flight, and which they 
were pursuing. The Spaniards rap- 
idly gathered up their few spoils, of 
blankets and horses that were worth 
gathering, and retraced their steps, 
to gain the point of junction in ad- 
vance of the Yakos, or to take them 
by surprise. This was fatiguing ^ 
after a battle, if battle it could be 
called. It was an easy march, un- 
encumbered as they were, with bag- 
gage or wagons. They decided to 
make no halt until they reached the 
spot. In the dusk of the evening, 
one of their cavalry returned with 
the information that the Yakos had 
reached the point of junction and 
were camping there to await the ar- 
rival of the Apaches, of whose disas- 
ter they had not heard. Carabajal 
resolved to stop where he was, give 
his men three hours rest and then 
make a night attack. At this place 
was a good spring of water, and a 
level piece of ground. That night 
was a full moon, the wheels of the 
artillery were muffled. No fires 

were kindled. Tortillas and beans 
were the food of men and horses 
with full and copious draughts of 
mountain spring water. He also 

had prepared with wet gunpowder 
and dried pine leaves, some barrels 
of material of which to make a great 
light, at the time of the attack, on 
different parts of the field. At the 
expiration of the three hours, the 
march was slowly and silently re- 
sumed in the night, with the cavalry 
moving slowly and silently in ad- 


13 


vancc. No talking was allowed. 
The great danger was from the 
neighing of horses. On this ac- 
count the cavalry was ordered to 
take the rear. About three o’clock 
in the morning from an aclivity in 
the trail, they saw the fires, or the 
embers of fires of the enemy, cover- 
ing a great space, whilst they were 
wrapped in the security of profound 
slumber, the sleep of fatigue, in the 
open air. The gre.U point was 'to 
get as near as possible to them be- 
fore opening the fires of the attack. 
The horses of the enemy were pin- 
ioned to the ground near each sleep- 
ing warrior, who rested upon his 
arms. Shortly the army filed to the 
front in as long a line as practicable, 
when suddenly the artilleiy and 
musketry opened fire and the com- 
bustibles prepared to light the field, 
were set in a blaze with their red 
and lurid light. The surprise was 
complete. A part of the command 
was ordered to charge upon them, 
and they plied their Spanish swords 
with fearful effect, whilst the reserve 
kept up a continuous fire of artillery 
or falconets and arquebusses, but 
over the heads of the combatants 
for fear of killing their own men. 
The poor Yakos imagined they were 
attacked by devils, so sudden and 
unexpected was the onset, the roar 
of cannon and musketry, the glare 
of the wierd and lurid light, and the 
stabbing to death by the Spanish 
swords. Some had the presence of 
mind to ride away, but most of them 
were killed, before they could re- 
cover their senses. The light of the 
morning dawn made it all the worse 
for them, but ended the slaughter. 
Carabajal sent a force of cavalry 
after the flying stragglers, and with 
the rest of his army, after securing 
the horses and spoils, he marched 


liome. Great was the delight, when 
from the mountain height, his little 
army was beheld returning, victor- 
ious, from two fields. After this 
brilliant strategy, worthy of Hannibal 
himself, some of the cavalry who 
chased the flying Yakos up the trail 
and over the battle field of the pre- 
vious day, reported alter w'ards that 
thousands of vultures and buzzards 
were busy at their hedions feast, and 
in this way, the few flying Yakos 
learned the fate of their allies. 

Now came years of peace, which 
gave a fair opportunity to Carabajal 
to exert its arts. Besides the beauti- 
ful Santa Lucia he established some 
nineteen cities, in different parts of 
the Kingdom, and farther North 
where were some of the richest 
mines. To these cities he gave per- 
sonal attention, that they might all 
be well located and laid out, with 
reference to health, beauty and con 
venience. Santa Lucia and Penuco 
were the standards of example. 
There was no slavery. The same 
co-operative plan J'or the mining 
pervaded every place, and the pro- 
ductions were all the greater for it. 
The agricultural and manufacturing 
industries worked harmqniously as 
music, and on all sides sprang up 
beautiful homes, with vines, figs, the 
orange, and other fruit trees in the 
gardens. The streets and roads 
were lined with trees for shade, 
under which were placed comforta- 
ble benches for rest. Fountains for 
beauty and for watering stock, and 
drinking purposes, were placed at 
the roadsides or intersections of 
streets and roads, and consequently 
around the houses, and through the 
streets, the trees and air were musi- 
cal with the song of birds. Music 
and dancing being both natural and 
part of the education of the people. 


14 


had the most beautiful and poetic 
results. At the end of the day, in 
front of the houses, or in the Ale- 
medas and Plazas, it was as natur- 
al for the youth to dance to the 
sound of the guitar or mandolin, and 
sing, as it was for them to eat or 
sleep. An old Spaniard writing 
home from Santa Lucia said, “He 
believed that he had fallen into 
paradise or upon a veritable Arca- 
dia, all was peace, every home, 
street, and road was beautiful. The 
people were universally gentle and 
kind, and so fascinated was he with 
all these things, he feared he could 
not leave the country, or would 
never be happy out of it.” 
j The mines under the co-operative 
‘ system of labor yielded enormously, 
which inured greatly to the benefit 
of the Spanish Government. Carab- 
ajal both from motives of policy and 
principle was scruplously honest. 
He sent his tribute twice a year, and 
did not even retain his loan, pre- 
ferring to wait the King’s conve- 
nience to pay it, a convenience which 
never happened. Population had 
greatly increased both from Spain 
and different parts of Mexico, until 
the prosperity of the Kingdom of 
Neova Leon was phenominal. Oc- 
casionally during his administration 
some of the Northern settlements 
would be attacked by the Indians, 
but these attacks were quickly sup- 
pressed and punished by Carabajal. 

We before mentioned that he had 
a Secretary by the name of Monte- 
mayer. He was the son of a poor 
woman who kept a Cantina or wine 
shop in old Spain. During the re- 
pairing of an accident to his car- 
riage one day, Carabajal was so 
struck with the intelligence, polite- 
ness, and quickness of the handsome 
boy to assist liim in repairing his 


carriage, that he immediately took 
him into his service. This boy 
possessed clerical talent, naturally, 
and he was remarkably executive, 
when told what to do, but his mind 
did not reach beyond this. In 
principle he was thoroughly dis- 
honest, selfish and deceitful. He 
wore a perpetual smile, talked with 
a smile, and had the most gentle 
and winning ways, which had won 
Carabajal to him, and won every 
body else that came near him. He 
had the absolute confidence of Ca- 
rabajal, and owing to his artfulness 
and assumption, received credit for 
much of the success of the policy, 
and the art and genius which be- 
longed exclusively to his great 
master. Such is the lack of intelli- 
gence in public opinion, that this 
can easily be. Much like the poor 
Indian, who, when he saw a man 
writing words upon paper, wanted 
the pen that did it, never thinking 
once, that it could be thought, or 
even the hand that guided it. 

Carabajal had brought his entire 
family to Santa Lucia, his mother, 
two sisters, his wife and two daugh- 
ters, the latter 20 and 22 years old, 
respectively, and his son, 24 years 
old, and several nephews and neiccs. 
The son was a cripple, having when 
very young, been injured in the spine 
by the neglect of his nurse, but he 
had a poetical and beautiful soul; 
some of the finest ballads and music 
heard through out Mexico and Spain, 
were of his composition. He was 
very gentle and beloved by all who 
knew him, Carabajal had built for 
himself a commodious house, near the 
centre of Santa Lucia; that is, a 
house of stone surrounding a court 
yard in the centre, decorated with a 
fountain, flowers, and statuary. 

The rooms entering upon the 


15 


Court yard, in the Spanish style, or 
rather old Roman style. 

Spain was so long under the do- 
minion of Rome, that she became 
essentially Roman, and the invasion 
of the Vandals, or any other barbar- 
ians could not wipe it out. This 
family set an example of refinement, 
generosity, and high-bred hospitality 
to all others. It belonged to no par- 
ticular set, but with noble liberality 
belonged to all sets, in order to do 
the most good. So time rolled on 
for many years, and all that Caraba- 
jal did, was successful, and fortunate, 
and whatever he touched, seemed to 
turn, as it were, to gold. Many 
I’eaders would naturally suppose, 
that under these happy circumstan- 
ces, that he had no enemies and that 
he was surrounded by hosts of 
friends, and constantly re-assured by 
expressions of gratitude. Tliis was 
true only in part. He was guilty 
with some, of several unpardonable 
crimes. He was in advance of his 
time; he was a Jew, and in that age 
of bigotry, both of these things were 
very serious. He was honest, and 
this was wormwood to the corrupt, 
he was superior in his genius, and 
magnanimity, and this was ground 
for both envy and malice. The new 
World in that age, by many was 
looked upon only as a field for 
plunder, and the gratification of the 
vilest avarice, at the expense of 
humanity, justice and every senti- 
ment of right. When the Spaniards 
went to America, it was to gain 
wealth, gold, and slaves, not by in- 
dustry, but by force, battle, and ad- 
venture. Carabajal stood in direct 
opposition to these vile objects. 

Gold they could have, but only 
by industry, and they could have no 
slaves. They considered themselves 
right; their ideas were founded upon 


the old laws of feudality; Carabajahs* 
upon those of an advanced humanity* 
which were not understood. As be- 
fore related, with him came, at the 
request of the King, sundry friars, 
Holy men, to convert the poor 
Indian and attend to his spiritual 
wants. In that age all education 
was in the hands of the Priests, 
Carabajal made it secular, and by 
this he acquired the intense hatred 
of the Priests, more so, being a Jew, 
as they ascribed it to this fact, as 
well as all his other principles, so 
antagonistic to all who were of what 
was called the better classes of that 
age. This dissatisfaction was smoth- 
ered and kept down in the early 
years of the colony, when it was 
poor, and in danger, in short, when 
Carabajal, was considered necessary. 
But now' it was rich, no thought of 
danger existed, and the Hidalgos 
and Priests were firmly convinced 
that they could rule better, and 
would all make as good generals as 
Carabajal, especially now that the 
Indians were thoroughly subdued, or 
the clouds of war rolled aw'ay so 
far to the North as not to be seen. 

The civilized Indian population 
had greatly increased in numbers 
and as they looked upon them, they 
considered of how many slaves they 
(The Hidalgos) had been robbed. 
True, the mines paid well, but they 
believed that they would pay much 
more, if worked by slaves, who had 
to live upon a handful of maze a 
day, instead of receiving a share of 
the product. In short they felt, that 
they were literally robbed by Carab- 
ajal, needy adventurers who were 
beggars when they came into the 
Kingdom of Leon, and were now 
rich, had these thoughts. Poor human 
nature I They had long hoped for 
the death of Carabajal by some di- 


16 


sease, or in battle, as he recklessly 
exposed himself, but like all such 
men, he appeared to have a charmed 
life. Montemayer was the man they 
pitched upon to govern in his place ; 
they thought that he knew all his 
master knew, and besides was a very 
good Christian, so far as the outward 
performances and ceremonial would 
indicate. 

Montemayer himself knew all of 
this, and whilst he was pretending 
the sweetest friendship to his Master, 
was quietly and in the most treach- 
erous manner fermenting the trouble. 
But how to supplant and destroy 
Carabajal, was a very serious ques- 
tion. His power with the people 
was great; his ability, energy and 
decision of character were all a terror 
to him. What was done, would have 
to be done, in the darkest way possi- 
ble. The deceit and treachery would 
have to be of the most consummate 
kind. It was finally decided by the 
Hidalgos and the Holy Fathers to 
introduce the Inquisition into Leon; 
this had always been successfully op- 
posed by Carabajal, but now they 
had sufficient influence with the King 
to order it. The alternative was to 
submit or rebel. For this Carabajal 
had no inclination, and submitted. 
He had better have rebelled ; with 
his superior military talents he could 
have conquered all Mexico, and made 
it an independent Kingdom. For 
this once the unscrupulousness of a 
Napoleon, would have been a very 
good thing to possess; but he was not 
aware, that it was a plot against 
himself, and that his enemies were 
playing with loaded dice. Being an 
honest man he was the more easily 
deceived. 

The worthy fathers had built a 
large stone building, surrounding 
an entire square, about the site. 


where is now located the present 
Iturbide Hotel. In fact this Hotel 
building was probably a part of it. 
Everything was barred from the 
outer world, and as most of their 
proceedings and trials were of 
heretic Spaniards and as they most 
always came out converted, not 
much attention was attracted to them. 

About the same time contrary to 
the Laws of Carabajal, and during 
his absence in the North, a bull fight 
festival was carried on near one of 
his more Southern cities. A poor 
Indian Yako, from, the far North was 
accused of being a spy, without any 
proof excepting prejudice and sus- 
picion, and he was carried into the 
bull ring, and his limbs tied to four 
horses, when they were whipped up 
and he was torn apart to the savage 
and frantic joy of many of the behold- 
ers. 

This was the same punishment 
awarded to the private Secretary of 
Philip II, for keeping up a secret 
correspondence,with William, Prince 
of Orange. This is all mentioned to 
show how far the influence and fear 
of Carabajal had weakened under 
such prosperity 'of the people, which 
in their egotism and ingratitude they 
were so largely inclined to ascribe 
to themselves, or the natural order 
of things. 

A more than usually severe Indian 
War had broken out in the North, 
which as usual commanded the per- 
sonal attention of Carabajal, and re- 
quired a long absence. It was now 
that the Hidalgos commenced con- 
spiring against him with a positive 
view to his I'cmoval or rather murder. 
They had always hated him, and 
whilst smiling to his face, would have 
gladly plunged a dagger in his heart. 
Now he was away, and many dark 
and secret inretings were held. They 


IT 


hod been active in undermining him 
in Spain, and also with the viceroy 
of Mexico, a man wlio grieved under 
the superiority of Carabajal, and the 
contrast between his own government 
and that of Nova Leon. Finally it 
was decided, that it w^as through the 
Court of the Inquisition that they 
would destroy him, and in this way 
justify themselves, in Mexico, and 
throughout Europe. The bloody 
Inquisition, much to the disgust of 
good Catholics, had become powerful 
in its secrecy and fanaticism. 

Carabajal returned from the War 
as usual covered with laurels. He 
was received by the Hidalgos and 
Priests, with more honor and grac- 
iousness than usual ; to such a degree 
that it went to his very heart, and 
made him happy, happy for himself, 
and the sake of his family. His 
dear family, a consideration so great 
with the Semitic race, from Abra- 
ham to Mary, and the same at this 
<lay. The love of family is the very 
household God of their hearts, and 
no doubt protects them from many 
of the low vices, common to other 
races. One evening when Caraba- 
jal was enjoying his .repose, after a 
day of great activity, several Hidal- 
agos who were his friends and under 
great obligations to hiifi, for many 
most important favors, in short they 
may be called dear friends, called at 
the house, and stated that they and 
the Holy Fathers had arranged a 
little banquet, in his honor and de- 
sired him to step around to their 
Casa or Palace. It was only a 
short distance and this he did with- 
out suspicion. He had no sooner 
got there, and the ponderous doors 
closed their huge jaws behind him, 
than he was placed under arrest by 
the warrant of the President of the 
Inquisition. This terrible order had 


its own special corps or company of 
soldiery as a guard, devoted to its 
service^ He was placed at once 
without respect into a remote and 
iron-plated chamber, as though he 
was the most dangerous and vilest 
of criminals. This having proved 
so successful, the same artifice was 
worked with the rest of the family, 
and under the falsehood, that they 
were sent for by Carabajal to join in 
the banquet. The mother, the wife, 
the sisters, daughters, and son were 
all decoyed into the same place, 
arrested and all imprisoned in 
separate cells. 

We will now state the plan, that 
the conspirators or rather assassins 
had decided upon. 

It was simply to get Carabajal and 
his entire family into the dungeons of 
the Inquisition and under its forms, 
condemn and execute them all, 'be- 
fore any knowledge of it should 
reach the public. 

They knew that he was too pow- 
erful to be arrested openly, and that 
after he was dead, and the crime 
committed, they could fulminate a 
lot of outrageous and false charges, 
to satisfy the public mind and, oh, 
that my pen should be compelled to 
write it, I must say that the men, 
besides the Holy fathers, in the con- 
spiracy, were his supposed to be 
friends, friends, who in his mind 
were beyond suspscion. Did not 
Romulus meet with his supposed 
apotheosis in the Senate Chamber, 
in the midst of his best friends, im- 
mediately after his return from a 
great victory, and was never seen 
afterwards ? They gave it out that 
he was taken bodily up to Heaven, 
amongst the Gods. Did not the 
magnanimous and generous Caesar 
fall beneath the daggers of thirty of 
his friends, amongst whom was the 


18 


dearly beloved Brutus ? Suspicion 
never entered the minds of these 
men, why should Carabajal suspect ? 
‘Montemayer, his dearly beloved 
private Secretary, gave it out that 
everything was right and that Car- 
abajal and family would soon re- 
turn to their house, and all believed 
Montemayer. 

Carabajal was overwhelmed with 
indignation and astonishment. He 
knew much of the iniquities of the 
Inquisition, but the thought had 
never occurred to him, that it could 
or would be made the instrument .of 
his own destruction. Now he ap- 
prehended the worst, as he knew 
that unless their designs were of the 
most fatal character, they would 
never have dared to perpetrate this 
indignity, and that he could have 
neither chance nor hope unless he 
could communicate with the outside 
world. He had no idea that they 
had arrested his own family, or that 
they had any object in so doing. He 
did not reflect that his patent ot 
Governorship was hereditary, and 
on this account would involve them 
all. 

At midnight he was summoned 
before a council of the officers of the 
Inquisition, to hear and answer 
charges against him. Before he 
was taken from his cell, he was load- 
ed with chains, and his arms were 
pinioned behind him. If he had 
been the most dangerous and fero- 
cious beast of the jungles of Bengal, 
he could not have been made more 
powerless from the actual fear of his 
judges. He was ushered into a 
dimly lighted rooni, wdiere the Pres- 
ident and the Judge.^ of the Inquisi- 
tion were assembled, consisting of 
thirteen, an ominous number for the 
prisoner or themselves, but which 
the} thought for the prisoner. There 


was a profound silence like that of 
death, and a degree of fear and 
terror, but not on the part of Car- 
abajal. He had comprehended the 
whole situation. He was convinced 
that he was simply about to be mur- 
dered by a band of conspirators un- 
der the form of Law and Religion 
and that he had only to await his 
fate, as ho was powerless. Alas! 
How many have been in the like 
situation, whose only crime was their 
merit or prosperity. He noticed 
every judge was draped in black and 
wore a masque, and every soldier 
present. What would have been his 
surprise to see these masques re- 
moved and find that the judges and 
the guards around them were some 
of his so-called best friends. This 
to him was a fatal indication. Car- 
abajal looked around him fearlessly 
and said “What is the meaning of 
this insult and violence? If it is 
done from any false charges, I de- 
mand to hear them; if for the pur- 
pose of murdering me, I demand to 
see my wife and children,^’ when 
there arose the Secretary of this tri- 
bunal, and read the following: 

Don Louis de Caral ajal Y Cueva, 
you have been charged and found 
guilty of the following crimes. 

1st. Of being a Jew, and in 
the orgies and ceremonies of your 
Religion of having sacrificed and 
eaten a dozen Christian infants, sub- 
jects of our King. 

2nd. Of having slain and de- 
stroyed many thousands of Indians, 
the loyal subjects of our King. 

3rd. Of having robbed the 
loyal subjects of our King, by de- 
priving them of the services of In- 
dians as slaves or peons, and accord- 
ing them rights and priveleges that 
only belong to Spaniards. 


10 


4th. Of taking from tlie care 
of the Holy Catholic Church, the 
education of the subjects of this King- 
dom and establishing therein secular 
schools, where sciences are taught, un- 
known to the Church, and contrary 
to her Laws and doctrines. 

The punishment of these crimes is 
death by fire, that the body, and if 
possible, the soul may be purified. 

Carabajal listened with firmness 
and dignity. He now clearly per- 
ceived that their object was to 
murder him. 

He replied that the Court had no 
authority or power to try him, that 
his patent as Royal Governor placed 
him beyond their jurisdiction. 

As to being a Jew, the King knew 
him to be a Jew, when he appointed 
him, and that he was proud of this 
fact. “Does your Bible,” said he, 
“not call them the chosen people of 
God ? Have not my people given 
you both your religion and civiliza- 
tion — That is' the difference between 
your civilization and the Roman ? 
IS it not the elevation of woman- 
hood ? Who gave you the character 
of Rachael, Rebecca, and of Mary ? 
Who and what were Christ, Peter, 
the founder of your church, Paul 
and all the other Apostles, but Jews? 
As to the sacrifice of Infants, this 
charge is beneath my contempt. 
You are the witnesses of the false- 
hood. In this charge I read your 
designs. 

As to the destruction of Indians, 
it was in honorable w^ar, and in your 
defence. 

As to prohibiting their being 
made slaves of, I acknowledge it, 
with satisfaction. 

As to establishing secular schools 
it was my legal right, under my 
patent. 


Before you slay me, pause and re- 
flect. It can only precede your own 
destruction a short time. The sav- 
ages of the North will come here 
with fire and spear and not leave one 
of you alive, and of this building 
nothing but blackened walls. 

As for me, I fear not death. No 
death or fire can touch my soul, and 
that is the ever-living part of me.” 

There was a Friar, Father Fran 
sioli, an Italian who had been sent 
to Mexico by orders of the King, on 
account his great learning, and to 
keep up the Latin of the other 
Fathers. This Friar had occasional 
visions, on which occasions he was 
possessed; he now suddenly rose u{) 
with a corpse like face and glaring 
eyes, pointing his finger upward, as 
to the skies, and called out in a loud 
voice, “I see blood, blood. I see 
horse back riders dragging by their 
lassoes along the ground, our 
brothers of this Inquisition. I see 
them torn by wild horses, limb from 
limb. I see this building a burning 
and smoking ruin. I see — ” By 
this time some sturdy soldiers of the 
guard got control of the poor Father, 
and carried him out of the room, 
whilst his voice could still be heard 
shrieking, “I see blood, blood, 
blood.” 

The President then arose from 
his chair and said, “Don Louis de 
Carabajal Y Cueva, I sentence 
you after the finding of this Court of 
the Holy Inquisition, that you burn 
by fire, until you are dead, and that 
execution shall take place at Go’clock 
to-morrow Tnorning. 

Carabajal was about to protest 
that there had been no trial, in his 
presence, and against the. illegality 
of the proceedings, when by the 
orders of the President he was 
hurried from the room. 


20 


Let no pious Catholics feel indig- 
nant nor the believers in other 
religions condemn the Catholic re- 
ligion or the church. The Catholic 
religion had no more to do with 
this, than with thousands of other 
iniquities — murders and robberies 
perpetrated in the name of Religion 
— Liberty — V'irture or Country, by 
bad men, hypocrites and imposters. 

The Non Catholic reader must 
not in his or her mind, hold the 
Catholic church, or the Pope respon- 
sible for these wrongs. These men 
were acting independent of the 
church, or the tenets inherent in 
the Catholic Faith. They were not 
doing their duty as religiose, but 
were influenced entirely by the Hi- 
dalgos, and were actuated by the 
worst of personal motives, to wit : 
— the robbing and the enslaving of 
the Indians. The virtuous Las 
Cases and otiier eminent Catholics 
reprobated all such proceedings, 
and complaints were constantly 
sent from Rome to Philip II, but 
Mexico and other South American 
States, were so far off, and so filled 
with greedy adventurers, that by the 
time the influence of the church 
reached them, that influence had be- 
come very weak, and was over- 
powered by secular corruption. 

In vain Carabajal requested to see 
his family, and his supposed faithful 
secretary, Montemayer. He was 
not allowed writing materials, to 
make a will, or give directions, or 
information about the Government. 
There was but one desire — to hurry 
hin) out of existence, and if possible 
leave no mark behind. 

Sleep he had none. There had 
not been time for the utter exhaus- 
tion of nature. 

At 5.30 o’clock he was called 
and ushered into a largo hall whore 


he was astonished to see his little 
family. At first he supposed that 
out of humanity they had been al- 
lowed to see him, but on a second 
glance he saw that they were all 
manacled. Even his lame son and 
aged mother. Then his son told, 
him that they had all been sentenced 
to death, after some trial they knew 
nothing of. When Carabajal heard 
this, glancing from one to the other, 
he suddenly pressed his hand to his 
heart, and raising himself upward 
upon his feet, he fell backward stone- 
dead. The fortitude and courage of 
Carabajal had been tried hundreds 
of times, and it was never found 
wanting, but the very life of the 
Jew lives and breathes in the love 
of his faijiily, and when he looked 
upon his aged mother, the eyes of 
his dear wife, his innocent and de- 
crepid son, and his sweet daughters 
and faithful sisters, and thought of 
their terrible fate, it was more than 
his noble nature could endure and 
then broke his mighty heart and he 
fell dead. Then the poor son raising 
his hand and voice showed the su- 
periority of the soul over the body, 
uttered a malediction against the 
slayers of his father, and called up- 
on all to have fortitude, for, said he 
“our father has gone to our God, the 
one and the true God, and in a few 
minutes we shall join him. It is no 
punishment, it is a happy journey.” 
The particulars of this heart rending 
and terrible event we will pass by, 
but it is shown that the death of 
every one of the family was heroic. 
The dead body of Caral)ajai was al- 
so tied to a stake and burnt with 
them, perhaps to make sure of his 
death. Thus ended the noble life of 
a man devoted to the good of hu- 
manity. Has it been the first ? Alas ! 
Will it be the last ? 


21 


This legend would be imperfect, 
did I not inform the reader of the 
sequel of this wickedness. There is 
an old saying that “the mills of the 
Gods grind slowly, but very fine.” 
In this case they ground very rapidly. 

At 8 o’clock the Council met, 
which was usually presided over by 
Carabajal. This time it was presided 
over by Montemayer, who was im- 
mediately made President, until an- 
other Governor should be appointed. 

The following Laws were passed : 

1st. That all the Indians should be 
considered slaves, and that all the 
grants of Carabajal lo the Indians 
should be abrogated. 

2nd. That all education should be 
in charge of the clergy. 

3rd. That all Jews should be ex- 
pelled from the Kingdom, because 
they were anti-Christ and interfered 
with the conversion of the Indians. 
(The real reason was of course to rob 
the Jews.) 

4th. That the mines, lands, and 
territories should be divided up 
among the Spaniards, according to 
equity and justice. (This meant in- 
iquity and injustice,) 

They also decided to keep the fate 
of Carabajal and his family secret, 
for as many days as possible, until 
the armed forces of the Hidalgos 
were properly placed and to apply 
to the viceroy for additional armed 
forces, and also that Montemayer 
should be appointed Governor. After 
other work of minor importance they 
adjourned. That morning an ominous 
silence reigned over the city. People 
spoke in whispers, and in bated 
breath. The very animals appeared 
to be affected. A vague rumor of 
the crime that had taken place, ex- 
isted. It struck terror in the minds 
of people. It was noticed that many 
people were silently leaving the 


City. In the afternoon the Indians 
disappeared, from the mines. In the 
night there were fires in different 
parts of the City, and even out in the 
Country. The morning after the 
crime, that is the day after, the 
Hidalgos found that nearly all the 
horses had been stolen, and had dis- 
appeaied. There was hardly a 
horse left in the city. The women 
and children were there, but the 
male adult Indians had all disap- 
peared. The Jews were also leaving. 
They simply gathered up their per- 
sonal propei'ty, and traveled south 
to old Mexico, and yet the decree 
that had passed in Council, had not 
been made public, but the knowledge 
of it existed. The wicked and fiend- 
ish death of Carabajal became pub- 
licly talked about and also the de- 
crees, but this talk was behind 
closed doors and in whispers. The 
Hidalgos were sorely perplexed, 
they had no horses to pursue the 
fugitives to the mountains,. and they 
were afraid to turn their backs upon 
their homes for fear of fire. Monte- 
mayer could give no advice. The 
Council met, and in the face of the 
strange condition of things, of all the 
male Indians and all the horses 
having departed; they were per- 
plexed. They turned to Monte- 
mayer as they had formely turned 
to Carabajal, but they found they 
turned to a man who could give no 
orders, but rather asked for them. 
Finally they decided simply to wait, 
until the return of the courier that 
had been sent to the viceroy, asking 
for the appointment of Montemayer, 
in the place of Carabajal, and of the 
Spanish army, to more thoroughly 
enforce the decrees of council. 

The fact is, both Jews and In- 
dians for a long time had 
heard mysterious whisperings of the 


22 


intentions of the Hidalgos, and theif 
criticisms against their great leader, 
and silently as it were by common 
consent, they had decided in case of 
the murder of Carabajal, to steal 
away, the Jews to the South and 
the Indians to the north, with all the 
horses, to return soon as possible in 
company with the Yakos and Apa- 
ches, with fire and spear. Many of 
them had been warriors under Ca- 
rabajal, and knew the use of fire- 
arms, and besides were skillful 
strategists. This was the cause of 
the wonderful change. Days passed 
on, and shops were not open, the 
mines were not worked, for want of 
men, and ail business appeared to be 
suspended. The Spaniards armed 
themselves universally. In time a 
message arrived from the viceroy, 
with many congratulations, and a 
document appointing Montemayer 
Governor, and also with the informa- 
tion that an army was on the march, 
to take possession for the King, aiid 
to afford them protection. Monte 
mayer instead of now rejoicing at 
the success of his schemes and 
ti-eachery, when he held this docu- 
ment, felt as though it was worse 
than a poisonous scorpion in his 
hand. He already had realized how 
much easier it was to be a mere 
clerk than it was to govern, when 
possessed of no head for it. Now 
Spaniards commenced pouring in 
from the north with terrible news, 
the spies, formerly employed by 
Carabajal, did not come, but lame 
and wounded Spaniards, with tales 
as to how their families had been 
massacred, the houses burnt, and 
how it was rumored that cities had 
been destroyed. The Hidalgos for- 
tified themselves behind entrench- 
ments and awaited the arrival of 
the Spanish army. Finally it came. 


brave, weary and dust worn. In 
stead of seeing the beautiful city 
they had heard so much about, they 
saw what to them appeared to be a 
city of the dead, and many smoking 
ruins. They only tarried for a rest 
at Santa Lucia and Walnut Springs, 
and marched with the New Leon 
contingent to protect the cities far- 
ther North, which w^ere said to be 
in danger. The Nuova Leon con- 
tingent should have been command- 
ed by Montemayer as Governor, but 
he begged that the Spanish General 
wmld command, whilst he remained 
behind to forward supplies. Soon 
as the Spanish Army was out of 
sight he took refuge with the Holy 
Fathers, behind the stone w^alls of 
the Inquisition. When they looked 
upon his pale, sinister, and frightened 
face, they could only say, “Oh for a 
day of Carabajal.” This action of 
Montemayer was to them the most 
frightful of omens. 

The Spanish army was commanded 
by Don Juan Diaz de Vera, brave, 
and in European wars an efiicient 
and successful Spanish general. 
Many of his men were veterans, and 
ail of them, true to Spanish charactei’, 
were brave. The discipline was 
wholly European. The Leon contin- 
gent was placed in advance, as bet- 
ter acquainted with the trails. As 
they were marching along, they 
passed several of the battle fields 
where Carabajal had won astound- 
ing victories. The selfish Hidalgos 
almost shed tears of grief when they 
thought of the past, and the gloomy 
present. They had none of that 
great confidence in themselves that 
they had when commanded by Ca- 
rabajal. Their hearts also said, “Oh, 
for a day of Carabajal.” The men 
were ordered to keep close ranks as 
possible, and the cavalry guarded 


25 


the front and rear. The New Leon 
officers advised the old general to 
send cavalry in advance, and even 
begged to have it done, but the only 
reply was that, when he met the 
onemy, he would fight them, and 
that he would be responsible for the 
result. This sj’stem made the forage 
scarce and difficult, and the men 
suffered very much. It was many 
days march North of Santa Lucia, 
when some Indian cavalry made 
their appearance, first in the advance 
then on the flanks and in the rear. 
This required a closer formation but 
such scarcity resulted, that they 
were compelled to forage wherever 
they had an opportunity, when the 
Indians would attack the foragers, 
and the Spaniards were constantly 
losing men and horses. So they 
continued their march until provi- 
sion became very scarce, but all 
hoped for refreshment and reinforce- 
ment of men and horses when they 
got to the first city or colony in that 
region. When they got there they 
found nothing but a smoking mass 
of ruins. No beef, bread or horses 
were to be had and not a human be- 
ing to be seen. A council of war 
was then held and it was decided 
that it was best to retreat, because if 
they continued on and the next city 
should be destroyed, which they 
reasonably believed to be the case, 
and no Indians should meet them in 
battle they would literallj^ die of 
starvation. The retreat in the wil- 
derness was a horrible affair. They 
commenced eating their horses. So 
long as these lasted, they at least 
had food, but they were rapidly dis- 
appearing. Now the Indians be- 
came bolder, and more numerous. 
Finally they came to a pass that was 
defended, and to their surprise a 
wall of rocks built across the trail. 


mounted with falconets. There 
opened a deadly fire upon the 
Spaniards, but the brave Spanish 
soldiers quickly charged it and cap- 
tured the guns, when immense 
boulders of rocks were rolled down 
upon them from above. Many sol- 
diers were killed, but orders were 
given to charge through the pass, 
which they^ did very bravely, and 
wlien they got to the open with con- 
siderable loss, they hardly saw an 
enemy. The Spanish General 
thought this a strange sort of wai*. 
He began to comprehend the kind of 
enemy he had to fight, and it re- 
minded him of the old Moorish tac- 
tics. But they marched on and fi- 
nally the horses were all eaten, and 
men began to drop behind, when 
they would at once be murdered 
and scalped. They now numbered 
hardly half as many as they did 
when they marched out of the city 
of Mexico, with banners gay and to 
the sound of martial music. Day 
by day the army of Indians, as they 
became bolder, appeared to grow in 
numbers, and even ventured to at- 
tack, but the brave Spanish soldiers 
would give them a bloody reception 
and would feed upon the horses they 
killed. Still they pressed onward, 
slowly with their retreat. One morn- 
ing, just as the dawn began to light 
the Eastern sky, the sentinels at ihe 
outposts fired their arquebusses 
from all sides simultaneously, and 
dark masses of men on foot and 
mounted, with horrid noises, rushed 
upon the little army. The men w^ere 
up and formed in a minute, and wel- 
comed the attack with enthusiasm. 
They had been anxious for a battle, 
which had always been denied them, 
by the arts of the enemy, and this 
enemy, tired of the delay and en- 
couraged by their depletion and 


24 


weakness, could not supress their 
thirst for blood and revenge. They 
were received with a ^eady fire 
from muskets and falconets, and 
horses and riders fell in heaps around 
the little band, the brave Diaz de 
Vera with a choice band around 
him, rushed in every part of the field 
giving orders and fighting at the 
same time, now the prodigious en- 
ergy and valor of these Spaniards 
shone in glory, and did honor to 
their conquering blood, but the more 
they killed, the more enemies ap- 
peared until they all realized that 
this was simply a fight to the death, 
as there was no retreat. The battle 
raged until there was no more Span- 
iards to die, not one attempted to 
seek safety in flight, and Diaz de 
Vera died upon a heap of slain. 
The noon hour closed upon a field of 
death. The spoils of arms were im- 
mense, and welcome to the Indians. 
The ferocious Indians decorated 
their horses with scalps, and all 
pressed on to Santa Lucia to surprise 
the place if posssble. 

A few days after, they reached 
the city, they watered their almost 
spent horses at Walnut Springs, 
then rushed upon the place. The 
stupid inhabitants had not even re- 
treated to the mountain tops which 
had formerly been fortified by Ca- 
rabajal, but resting with implicit 
confidence in the supposed invinci- 
bility of the Spanish army, were 
completely exposed. Old men, 
women and children who were white 
were slaughtered without discrimi- 
nation. A few of the leading people 
found shelter behind the stone walls 
of the Inquisition building. After 
the enemy had slaughtered and des- 
troyed all that could be destroyed 
they quietly settled down around 
this last place of refuge until the re- 


mainder of the army, bringing ar- 
tillery and gunpowder, should reach 
the place. Many of these were the 
old soldiers of Carabajal. This only 
required a day or two. A mine was 
soon sprung at one of the angles, 
when the Indians rushed in to re- 
new the massacre. The thirteen 
Priests or Friars who had composed 
the Court of the Inquisition with 
Montemayer, had hid themselves in 
the torture chamber, but they were 
soon dragged out and instead of be- 
ing killed upon the spot, were re 
served for a worse fate. 

The next day was set apart for re- 
joicing, before continuing the march 
to the South. The Indian women 
welcomed their husbands, who had 
saved them from slavery, and con- 
cubinage to their would be cruel 
task masters. A large level site, 
which now forms the beautiful Ala- 
meda of Monterey, was set apart for 
a fete. An immense circle was 
formed in imitation of a bull ring, in- 
to this there were brought the thir- 
teen judges of the Inquisition, who 
were tied to thick posts driven into 
the ground. Under them was 
kindled a slow fire, and they were 
tortured in true Indian style until 
they died. It may well be supposed 
that they could now value the pro- 
tection and services of Carabajal. 
After this the pale and trembling 
Montemayer was brought forth. He 
begged piteously for his life, but it 
was to ears of stone — life to him was 
sweet. His miserable mind could 
not look beyond it; his limbs were 
securely fastened by ropes to four 
wild horses in the same way that 
the Hidalgos had served the poor 
Yako. He was instantly torn limb 
from limb whilst the derisive shouts 
of joy and laughter were heai’d from 
thousands of Indians. 


25 


So ended for a time the power of 
the Spaniards, in Northern Mexico. 
A clean sweep of conquest and de* 
struction was made and there was 
not a Spaniard left to tell the tale. 

Years after this the Count of 
Monterey, viceroy of Mexico, collect- 
ed an army and took possession of 
the site of Santa Lucia, and over its 
ruins arose in the language of a 
chronicle “The Metropolitan City of 
Monterey.’’ 

APPENDIX. 

In the preparation of the above 
legend, tradition had to be mostly 
followed. The written accounts of 
the period of time relating to Carab- 
ajal are meagre and contradictory, as 
the injustice of the old Spanish Gov- 
ernment, and the Inquisition were 
such that every possible effort was 
made not only to conceal the facts, 
but to destroy every particle of evi- 
dence. In turning over the leaves 
of some of the manuscripts of Carab- 
ajal, we will give a few extracts : 

“A colony in order to be a success 
should not be conducted in a mere 
mercantile spirit of business, but 
more in a parental spirit, where the 
welfare of the colonist will be of the 
first consideration. If advantage is 
taken of the want of promptitude in 
complying with financial obligations, 
it would be destructive of the colony, 
for the simple reason, that as a rule 
colonists could never be found to be, 
what is called, business people, and 
by such a course, the whole colony 
would become panic stricken, and 
destroyed. So long as a colonist 
works and improves his land, to a 
reasonable extent, he should be al- 
lowed grace, with the certainty that 
he will meet all his obligations in 
the end. But dishonest advantage 
should not be allowed to be taken of 
this general principle. Certain rules 


should be formulated and adhered 
to, and they should be such rules as 
are certain to advance the material 
and moral welfare of the colony. 
These principles may be divided in- 
to the materialistic and the spiritual- 
istic. The former consists of agri- 
cultural and manufacturing develop- 
ment which should always go toget- 
her. The latter, the educational 
and the aesthetic. In the educational 
the practical or manual work should 
go hand in hand with the abstract or 
the theoretical. This makes learn- 
ing easy, by constant illustration. 
The youthful mind is fond of the 
use of the hand, in concert with 
thought, and in this way never tires 
or forgets. Where the principles of 
agriculture and horticulture are 
taught in this way, they are never 
forgotten. The same of mechanics. 
The human mind in this way is aided 
and uplifted by manual labor, or 
assistance, but to expect that the 
youthful mind can grasp the abstract 
or theoretical without this aid, is to 
expect the impossible. 

Free libraries should be estab- 
lished, in order that all who want 
intellectual instruction or amusement 
by the medium of books, should 
have them readily accessible. These 
instructions should be supplemented 
by lectures and intellectual enter- 
tainments. There should in public 
schools be taught dancing, calisthen- 
ics and music. 

In the aesthetic, the love of the 
beautiful should be taught. It is 
one of the highest and most spiritu- 
elle principles that govern human 
nature, and cannot be ignored with- 
out producing evil effects. 

This should be carefully consid- 
ered in laying out a country. The 
land should belaid out in convenient 
roads which should be made to con- 


26 


are certain to advance the material 
and moral welfare of the colony. 
These principles may be divided in- 
to the materialistic and the spiritual- 
istic. The former consists of agri- 
cultural and manufacturing develop- 
ment which should always go toget- 
her. The latter, the educational 
and the aesthetic. In the educational 
the practical or manual work should 
go hand in hand with the abstract or 
the theoretical. This makes learn- 
ing easy, by constant illustration. 
The youthful mind is fond of the 
use of the hand, in concert with 
thought, and in this way never tires 
or forgets. Where the principles of 
agriculture and horticulture are 
taught in this way, they are never 
forgotten. The same of mechanics. 
The human mind in this way is aided 
and uplifted by manual labor, or 
assistance, but to expect that the 
youthful mind can grasp the abstract 
or theoretical without this aid, is to 
expect the impossible. 

Free libraries should be estab- 
lished, in order that all who want 
intellectual instruction or amusement 
by the medium of books, should 
have them readily accessible. These 
instructions should be supplemented 
by lectures and intellectual enter- 
tainments. There should in public 
schools be taught dancing, calisthen- 
ics and music. 

In the aesthetic, the love of the 
beautiful should be taught. It is 
one of the highest and most spiritu- 
elle principles that govern human 
nature, and cannot be ignored with- 
out producing evil effects. 

This should be carefully consid- 
ered in laying out a country. The 
land should belaid out in convenient 
roads which should be made to con- 
form to the topography of the ground 
and laid out wide and spacious' and 


planted in rows of beautiful trees of 
different varieties. Many of them 
flowering, such as can easily be pro- 
cured in a tropical climate. This 
is not only for their beauty, which 
is very great, but in order to induce 
rains and to save the country from 
droughts. They also attract birds 
which are essential in the cultivation 
of fruits by destroying insect ene- 
mies. This should be further in- 
duced, by placing fountains at the 
intersections of many of the roads, 
always made ornamental by some 
fine allegorical statuary. This fea- 
ture in a tropical country as well as 
a temperate climate, is not only 
beautiful, but a boon to the animal 
creation. Seats should be placed at 
intervals, under the most umbra- 
geous trees, where the weary pedes- 
trian can find rest and shade. 

A society should be formed among 
the people for the propogation and 
preservation of these trees, and also 
the cultivation of flowers. Of these 
the Mexican women are particularly 
fond, and the country soon becomes 
redolent and sweet with flowers, 
and musical with the hum of bees. 
Plans should be given out for small 
neat habitations suitable to the cli- 
mate, and they should all be re- 
quired to be set back a certain dis- 
tance from the roadside, and thus 
afford room for flowers and shrub- 
bery. In this space should often be 
seen the pretty fountain or statue. 
Thus beauty should be combined 
with usefulness and the surroundings 
of the people would be an inspira- 
tion of mental culture and elevation. 

The founder should also interest 
himself constantly in the procuring 
of valuable seeds and plants from all 
parts of the world, suitable to the 
climate. But care should not stop 
here, the Founder, after the colony 


27 


should get far enough to produce 
something to sell, in the way of agri- 
culture and manufactures, should 
then pay personal attention to find- 
ing a market where they could be 
sold. Not only to find a market 
but to see that the inexperienced 
colonists should not fall into the 
hands of dishonest consigners or 
commission men, and in this way 
be robbed of their toil. 


He should also lend his handj to 
rearing the Church or the Syna- 
gogue, for after all, man has to look 
Heavenward for consolation snd 
hope.” 

THE END. 

The facts of the above legend 
were picked up during a two months 
sojourn in Monterey in the winter 
and spring of 1894. 

c. K. L. 





















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